Recent Advances and Perspectives of Nanomaterials in Agricultural Management and Associated Environmental Risk: A Review.

The advancement in nanotechnology has enabled a significant expansion in agricultural production. Agri-nanotechnology is an emerging discipline where nanotechnological methods provide diverse nanomaterials (NMs) such as nanopesticides, nanoherbicides, nanofertilizers and different nanoforms of agrochemicals for agricultural management. Applications of nanofabricated products can potentially improve the shelf life, stability, bioavailability, safety and environmental sustainability of active ingredients for sustained release. Nanoscale modification of bulk or surface properties bears tremendous potential for effective enhancement of agricultural productivity. As NMs improve the tolerance mechanisms of the plants under stressful conditions, they are considered as effective and promising tools to overcome the constraints in sustainable agricultural production. For their exceptional qualities and usages, nano-enabled products are developed and enforced, along with agriculture, in diverse sectors. The rampant usage of NMs increases their release into the environment. Once incorporated into the environment, NMs may threaten the stability and function of biological systems. Nanotechnology is a newly emerging technology, so the evaluation of the associated environmental risk is pivotal. This review emphasizes the current approach to NMs synthesis, their application in agriculture, interaction with plant-soil microbes and environmental challenges to address future applications in maintaining a sustainable environment.

Emergency medicine providers' opioid prescribing practices stratified by gender, age, and years in practice / 世界急诊医学杂志（英文）

@#BACKGROUND: Emergency medicine providers (EMPs) prescribe about 25％ of opioids, but the effect of EMP risk perception on decisions to prescribe opioids is unknown. This study was undertaken to identify factors that influence EMP risk and opioid prescribing practices. METHODS: We distributed an anonymous questionnaire to EMPs at a military trauma and referral center. Response frequencies and distributions were assessed for independence using the Chi-square test. RESULTS: Eighty-nine EMPs completed the questionnaire (100％ response). Respondents were primarily younger male physicians (80％) in practice under five years (55％). Male EMPs were more likely to prescribe more opioid tablets than female ones both when and when not concerned for opioid misuse (P<0.001, P<0.007, respectively). Of the providers, 70％ stated that patient age would influence their prescribing decisions. Hydrocodone and oxycodone were the opioids prescribed most frequently. About 60％ of the providers reported changing their prescribing behavior would not prevent opioid misuse. Additionally, 40％ of the providers believed at least 10％ of patients seen at this military ED misused opioids. CONCLUSION: Female EM providers reported prescribing fewer opioid tablets. Patient age influenced prescribing behavior, but the effect is unknown. Finally, EM providers reported that altering their prescribing behavior would not prevent prescription opioid misuse.

Geographic variability of Escherichia coli ribotypes from animals in Idaho and Georgia.

Several genotypic methods have been developed for determining the host origin of fecal bacteria in contaminated waters. Some of these methods rely on a host origin database to identify environmental isolates. It is not well understood to what degree these host origin isolates are geographically variable (i.e., cosmopolitan or endemic). This is important because a geographically limited host origin database may or may not be universally applicable. The objective of our study was to use one genotypic method, ribotyping, to determine the geographic variability of the fecal bacterium, Escherichia coli, from one location in Idaho and three locations in Georgia for cattle (Bos taurus), horse (Equus caballus), swine (Sus scrofa), and chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). A total of 568 fecal E. coli isolates from Kimberly, ID (125 isolates), Athens, GA (210 isolates), Brunswick, GA (102 isolates), and Tifton, GA (131 isolates), yielded 213 ribotypes. The percentage of ribotype sharing within an animal species increased with decreased distance between geographic locations for cattle and horses, but not for swine and chicken. When the E. coli ribotypes among the four host species were compared at one location, the percent of unshared ribotypes was 86, 89, 81, and 79% for Kimberly, Athens, Brunswick, and Tifton, respectively. These data suggest that there is good ribotype separation among host animal species at each location. The ability to match environmental isolates to a host origin database may depend on a large number of environmental and host origin isolates that ideally are not geographically separated.

Normas alimentares para crianças brasileiras menores de dois anos - embasamento científico

Aborda os aspectos relacionados ao aleitamento materno, seguidos por uma discussão sobre alimentos complementares e fatores que afetam sua ingestão, a prevenção de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis através da dieta infantil, e ainda a alimentação de crianças doentes. Documento em formato pdf; requer Acrobat Reader.

Normas alimentares para crianças brasileiras menores de dois anos - embasamento científico

Documento baseado em grande parte nos anais da reunião da OMS/UNICEF sobre alimentação. Aponta as principais recomendações alimentares relacionadas ao aleitamento materno, seguido por uma discussão sobre alimentos complementares e fatores que afetam sua ingestão, além da prevenção de doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis através da dieta infantil e alimentação de crianças doentes. Documento em formato pdf